Teaching
- Meaning
• Happiness
• Eye contact
2. Language Barriers
•
Previous
learning.
4. Psychological Barriers
• Prejudices
Tips to make classroom
communication successful and productive
Psychology of using Teaching Aids
• 1 % through TASTE
Research
done by COBUN (1968) indicates that generally we Remember:
• 10 % of what we READ
Advantages of Teaching Aids
• Help to learn more and remember for long.
Characteristics of a Good Teaching Aids
• They should be meaningful and purposeful
General Principles of using Teaching Aids
i. Geographical Maps
2.1.5 Cartoons
i. Display chart
2.2 Display Boards
2.2.1
Black Board
2.3 Three Dimensional
Aids
2.3.1 Models
•Models are concrete representations of objects.
• Size should be suitable
• There are two types of model
i. Working model ii. Static (still) model
• Objects may be defined as the real things from their natural settings.
• Eg. Rock, Coin, stamp etc.
2.3.3 Specimen
• A specimen may be defined as a typical objects or part of an object which has been removed for conviient observation.
• It may be a representative of a class or group of similar objects.
2.3.4 Mock-ups
• A mock-up is an operating model usually of a process, designed to be worked with directly by the learner for specific training or analysis.
• When direct first hand experience is either impractical or impossible, mock-up can be used.
• Mock-ups is an imitation of the real process. Eg. Mock Parliament
2.3.5 Diorama
• A diorama is a three dimensional scene in depth, incorporating a group of modeled objects and figures in a natural settings.
• A diorama scene is set up on a small stage with a group of modeled objects that are kept on the foreground and blended into a painted realistic background.
• For representation of depth, object kept at the background are made considerably smaller to create illusion.
2.3.6 Puppets
• Different types of puppets are used to make the learning object more realistic.
• Most commonly used puppets are hand puppets, glove puppets, finger puppets, rode puppets, string puppets, and shadow puppets etc.
2.4 Audio Aids
2.4.1 Radio
• It is powerful medium for mass communication.
• Programmes meat for teachers as well as pupils is available.
• Help the teacher to supplement classroom instruction.
2.4.2 Tape recorder
• A Tape recorder is used to record sound on magnetic tape which can be reproduces many times as possible.
2.4.3 Public Address System
• Public address system is very effective when the teacher handling large number of students at the same time.
• Public Address System can be used for supplement other Audio Aids.
3. Activity Aids
3.1 Field Trip and Excursions
• Excursions usually involve a tour by a person or a group of person to some selected lace.
• An excursion undertaken for gathering objective based learning experience is study tour.
• The tour made by a group is often known as Field Trip
• Provides direct experience leading to effective understanding.
3.2 Exhibition
• In exhibition variety of items exhibits related to teaching and learning.
• Exhibitions are effective modes of mass communication and instruction.
• Special talents of the pupil get revealed and creativity can be fostered.
• Helps to communicate novel ideas to children, their parents and the general public.
3.3 Demonstration
• It is a technique which is often used by all teachers.
• Ideas, skills, attitudes and process can be demonstrated.
• Demonstration should be purposeful, simple, specific and effective.
• Demonstration should be planned and rehearsed well in advance.
• If demonstration designed by the co-operative activity of pupil and teaches, it will be more effective.
3.4 Dramatization
• Dramatization gives a reality and concreteness to learning experience.
• Gives opportunity for self expression
• Very useful for the subject like social science and languages.
• Since emotional content is strong, it help in the development of interest, attitude and values.
3.5 Museum
• Museum is powerful medium for public education.
• Museums are repositories with an array of educational materials including rare specimens a variety of objects arranged in a logical order.
3.6 Planetarium
• A planetarium consist of essentially of a dome usually mounted on the ceiling of a hall to represents the sky.
• A special projector is used to display images of the celestial bodies on the dome.
• The viewers who are seated below can see the projected images that can be appear to be realistic.
• The projector consists of various individual units for projecting the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars.
• Taped narration and sound effects adds to the effectiveness of the presentation.
3.7 Aquarium
• Aquarium consists of glass tanks filled with water in which aquatic creatures are kept in naturally.
• Pupils can observe the natural behavior of the creatures.
• If a school aquarium is constructed and maintained by the pupils they get very valuable learning experience related to various aspects of life science.
3.8 Terrarium
• Terrarium is an arrangement for presenting the creatures living on the surface and below the surface of the earth for study purpose.
• It is an enclosure, usually a tank. Used for rearing plants or animals under natural conditions.
3.9 Vivarium
• It is live corner arranged in school or at home where creatures living in the air are grown and reared.
• It provides opportunity for an unlimited amount of spontaneous, undirected observation and enjoyment.
3.10 Programmed Learning
• Programmed Learning is a carefully specified, systematically planned, empirically established, skillfully arranged and effectively controlled self instructional technique for providing individualized instruction or learning experience to the learner.
• Programmed learning is available in the form of Books, Cards, Machine etc.
3.11 Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
• A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.
• “It is the use of computer to assist in the presentation of instructional material to a student to monitor learning process or to select additional instructional material in accordance with the needs of individual learners”
• Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.
• CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process.
3.12 Teaching Machines
• Developed by S.L. Pressy
• It’s a piece of device designed to be operated by an individual student for self learning.
• The student is presented with a question by some form of display on the machine.
• The student is required to respond. Either to write answer or put a button to indicate the correct response
• The student will inform the correctness of the answer.
• An account is kept of the responses made by the student.
•
Teaching
is to cause the child to learn and acquire the desired knowledge, skills and
also desired ways of living in the society.
•
Teaching
is the stimulation, guidance, direction and encouragement of learning.
•
Teaching
is the communication between two or more persons, who influence each other by
their ideas and learn something in the process of interaction.
•
Teaching
is to fill the minds of the learner by information and knowledge of facts for
future use.
•
Teaching
is the process in which learner, teacher and other variables are organized in a
systematic way to attain some pre-determined goals.
DEFINITIONS OF TEACHING
·
“Teaching is an intimate contact between a more mature
personality and less mature one which is designed to further the education of
the latter.” H.C.Morrison (1934)
·
"Teaching means many different things,
that teaching act varies from person to person and from situation to
situation." (Bar,
1961)
·
"The behaviour or activities of persons
as they go about doing whatever is required of teachers, particularly those
activities which are concerned with the guidance or direction of learning of
others."
(Ryan,
1965)
·
"Teaching is the arrangement of
contingencies of reinforcement under which students learn. They learn without
teaching in their natural environment, but teachers arrange special
contingencies which expedite learning and hastening the appearance of behaviour
which would otherwise be acquired slowly or making scene of the appearance of
behaviour which might otherwise never occur." (B.F.
Skinner. 1968)
·
"Teaching as an act of interpersonal
influence aimed at changing the ways in which other persons can or will
behave." (N.L.
Gage, 1963)
Teaching - The noble
profession
•
Teaching
is regarded as the noblest of all professions in the world.
•
A
good teacher not only shows the right path that the students should follow but
also prepares the human resource for the further development of the nation.
•
Teaching
has the power to create a healthy and peaceful world.
•
It
has the capacity to inspire lifelong learning and a passion for knowledge,
understanding, and innovation.
FUNCTION OF TEACHING
• PRESERVATIVE
FUNCTION OF TEACHING
•
The
main function of TEACHING is to preserve and protect the old values, customs,
beliefs, traditions, etc.
•
TEACHING
must help in preserving the vital elements of our heritage.
• TRANSMITIVE FUNCTION
OF TEACHING
•
Teaching
transfers knowledge, ideologies, theories, principles and attributes from one
generation to another and thus contribute greatly to the general progress of
society.
• PROGRESSIVE FUNCTION OF TEACHING
•
Teaching
provides opportunities to recognize and restructure human experiences and as a
result of this, there is development of human civilization and culture.
Difference among Teaching,
Training & Instruction
Teaching
• “Teaching is an
intimate contact between a more mature personality and less mature one which is
designed to further the education of the latter.”
•
The
aim of teaching is to transform a total man and his personality
Training
•
In
training the various kinds of skill are taught.
•
Training
has specific goals of improving one's capacity, and performance.
•
The
trainees are taught to perform skills which they attain during training and
practice.
•
There
is mental and physical activity in training, but more and more of the activity
is physical.
Instruction
•
Instruction
is at the higher level of training.
•
Instructions
tell people how to perform a process.
•
In
instruction there is better level of the use of intellectual powers of the
trainee.
•
The
aim of teaching is to transform a total man and his personality, but the aim of
instruction is to develop the intellectual powers in a given direction.
Communication
•
The
word ‘communication’ has been derived from the Latin word communis which
means common.
•
Another
Latin word comminicare which means to share.
• Thus communication
means sharing of ideas in common
•
Communication refers to the exchange of ideas, feelings,
emotions, knowledge and information between two or more persons.
Communication –Types
•
Verbal
Communication
Oral
Communication
Written
Communication
•
Non-Verbal
Communication
•
Intrapersonal
Communication
•
Interpersonal
Communication
Verbal Communication
•
Verbal
Communication refers to the exchange of message through the use of written and
spoken form.
•
Usually
carried on through language.
•
Requires
the use of words, numbers and symbols.
Verbal Communication – Two
Types
• 1. Oral Communication
•
Oral
communication is the spoken interaction between two or more persons.
•
Take
place in lectures, discussions, interviews, social gathering, meetings and
conference.
• 2. Written
Communication
•
Communication
by means of written words or symbols
•
Consist
of writings, diagrams, pictures, graphs etc.
•
Provides
a long-lasting record of communication for future.
Non-Verbal Communication
•
Non-Verbal
Communication is the exchange of messages primarily through non-linguistic
means.
•
It
includes Posture, Gesture, Facial expression, Eye contact, Tactile
communication, Personal space, Silence, Appearance, Odour etc.
Non-Verbal
Aspects
• Posture
–
The
term posture refers to how we hold our bodies as well as overall physical form
of an individual.
–
Posture
can be used to determine a participant’s degree of attention or involvement.
• Gesture
–
Gesture
is a non-verbal bodily movement intended to express meaning.
–
Waving,
pointing, and using the fingers to indicate numerical amounts are all very
common and easy to understand gestures.
–
Gestures
|
Meaning
|
Clap
|
Accept
/ Encourage
|
Raise hand
|
Seek
Attention
|
Rub
face
|
Angry
|
Rub
stomach
|
Hungry
|
Shake
hands
|
Greeting
|
• Facial expression
–
Our
facial expressions may reveal our true feelings about a particular situation
–
emotions
that can be expressed via facial expressions include:
• Sadness
• Anger
• Surprise
• Fear
• Confusion
• Excitement
•
Desire
•
Contempt
–
The
eyes are frequently referred to as the "windows to the soul"
–
When
a person looks directly into your eyes when having a conversation, it indicates
that they are interested and paying attention.
–
People
often blink more rapidly when they are feeling distressed or uncomfortable.
• Tactile communication
–
Communication
through touch is called tactile communication.
–
Touch
can indicate dependence, affiliation, aggression etc
• Personal space
–
This
is the physical space one place between himself and others.
–
This
invisible boundary become apparent only when some one bumps or tries to enter
your space.
–
Anthropologist
Edward T. Hall described four levels of social distance that occur in different
situations:
•
Intimate
distance - 6 to 18 inches
•
Personal
distance - 1.5 to 4 feet
•
Social
distance - 4 to 12 feet
•
Public distance - 12 to 25 feet
• Silence
–
Silence
can be a positive or negative influence in the process of communication.
–
Silence
can be a judgmental by indicating favour or disfavour – agreement or
disagreement.
• Appearance
–
By
appearance we mean clothing, hairstyle, adornments such as jewellery and
cosmetics.
–
Appearance
of a person speaks him a lot.
• Odour
–
Odour of a person indicates his racial, cultural
and familial aspects
Interpersonal Communication
•
Communication
between two or more individuals is called Interpersonal communication.
Intrapersonal Communication
•
Intrapersonal
communication is the communication process within an individual.
Components of Communication
1.
Sender (Source or Encoder)
2.
Message
3.
Medium
4.
4 .Receiver (Destination, Decoder)
5.
Feedback
• 1. Sender (Source or
Encoder)
–
A
person or an event which provides correct information and transmits the same
correctly and clearly.
–
If
the source is a person it is called a sender. (Encoding: the process of
using symbols or diagrams to express the ideas or feelings.)
• 2. Message
–
The
content of transmission is called the message.
–
It
may be a set of verbal or non verbal cues like words, figures, gestures,
movements, etc.
• 3. Medium
–
Medium
is the means used to convey the message.
• 4 .Receiver
(Destination, Decoder)
–
A
person who interprets the message is called receiver. (Decoding: the process by
which the receiver deciphers the symbols conveyed by the source.)
• 5. Feedback
–
It
is the reaction of the receiver to the sender’s message.
Communication Cycle
Barriers of Communication
1. Physical Barriers
•
Invisibility
and poor audibility
•
Environmental
and physical discomfort
•
Distraction
•
ill
health
•
Verbalism
•
Verbosity
(usage of words or phrases that are beyond the scope of your audience's
knowledge)
•
Unclear
graphics and symbols
3. Background Barriers
•
Cultural
disparities.
• Prejudices
• Disinterest
• Inattention
• Redundancy
•
Imperceptions
•
Unrewarding
experiences
•
Filling
of anxiety
•
unfulfilled
curiosity
•
Understand
the subject matter yourself before trying to communicate it to the students.
•
Understand
the nature of your students.
•
Choose
a presentation style fit to the subject matter and the audience.
•
Develop
sentence that are clear, concise and complete.
•
Use
correct spelling, pronunciation etc.
•
Be
aware of all the barriers of communication.
Supporting Aids for Teaching
and Communication
What I Hear I Forget,
What I See I Remember, What I Do I Understand
Learning
Aids
•
Any
device/Aids which helps self learning/group learning.
Teaching Aids - Meaning
•
Teaching
aids are the physical tools used to convey information in the classroom.
•
Teaching
Aids are any device which can be used to make the communication more effective.
•
Teaching
Aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more
concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
• 1 % through TASTE
•
1.5
% through TOUCH
•
3.5
% through SMELL
•
11
% through HEARING
•
83
% through SIGHT
• 10 % of what we READ
•
20
% of what we HEAR
•
30
% of what we SEE
•
50
% of what we HEAR and SEE
•
70
% of what we SAY
•
90
% of what we SAY and DO
• Help to learn more and remember for long.
•
Motivate
the learner.
•
Give
clarity to learning.
•
Give
reality and vividness to learning situations.
•
Make
abstract concrete.
•
Reduce
verbalism.
•
Provide
variety in methods of teaching and learning.
•
Make
learning interesting meaningful and permanent.
•
Develop
deeper understanding.
•
Arouse
curiosity and self activity.
•
Saving
of energy and time.
•
Spread
of education on a mass scale.
• They should be meaningful and purposeful
•
They
should be accurate in every respect
•
They
should be simple
•
They
should be cheap
•
As
far as possible, they should be improvised.
•
They
should be large enough to be properly seen by the students for whom they are
meant.
•
They
should be up to date
•
They
should be easily portable
•
They
should be according to the mental level of the student.
•
They
should be motivating the learner.
Principle of selection
•
They
should suit the age –level, grade level and other characteristics of the
learners.
•
They
should have educational value besides being interesting and motivating.
•
They
should be the true representation of the real things.
•
They
should help in the realization of desired learning objectives.
Principle of preparation
•
As
far as possible, locally available materials should be used in the preparation
of an aid.
•
The
teachers should receive some training in the preparation of aids.
•
The
teachers themselves should prepare some of the aids.
•
Students
may be associated in the preparation of aids.
Principle of Physical control
•
This
principle relates to the arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to
facilitate their lending to the teachers for use.
Principle of proper presentation
•
Teaches
should carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before actual presentation.
•
Adequate
care should be taken to handle an aid in such a way as no damage is done to it.
•
The
aid should be displayed properly so that all the students are able to see it.
•
As
far as possible, distraction of all kind should be eliminated so that full
attention may be paid to the aid.
Principle of response
•
This
principle demands that the teachers guide the students to response actively to
the audio-visual stimuli so that they derive the maximum benefit in learning.
Principle of Evaluation
•
This
principle stipulates that there should be continuous evaluation of both the
audio-visual material and accompanying techniques in the light of the
realization of the desired objectives.
Learning
Experience
•
AV
Aids is meant for providing effective learning experiences.
•
Learning
experiences can be three levels:
1. Direct
Experience
•
Learning
experiences that are obtained through the immediate sensory contact with real
objects.
–
Eg:
Doing an Experiment, Visiting a factory etc.
2. Vagarious
Experience
•
Whenever
direct experience is either impossible or undesirable due to hazards we
represent the real situation in the form of models or images.
•
Experience
gained by observing models, Pictures, charts, films etc. are said to be
vicarious in nature.
3. Symbolic
Experience
•
Symbolic
experiences are offered through verbal symbols – oral or written
•
The
teacher codes the original items in to symbols and passes it on to pupils.
Classification Of Audio Visual Aids
1. Projected Aids
•
A
projected aid is one which items to be observed is projected on a screen using electronic
or Mechanical device.
•
Very
effective because movements can be added to sound and hence a realistic
experience can be provided.
1.1 Film & Film
Projector
•
Films
in the form of motion pictures.
•
Films
enrich learning by presenting a series of meaningful experience involving
motion.
•
Can
enlarge or reduce the actual size of the object to suit the need.
2.1 Film strips
& Film strip Projector
•
A
film strip is piece of non-inflammable safely film, 35 mm wide.
•
Length
may vary according to requirement and can be up to about one meter.
•
One
film strip may contain 10 to 50 pictures frames.
•
The
pictures in film strip may constitute a connected series of drawings,
photographs, diagrams or combination of these and illustrated a single
sequence.
•
The
pictures may in color or in black or white.
•
Some
films strips are accompanied by commentary recorded separately, such film
strips is called sound film strip.
3.1 Slides & Slide Projector
•
The
pictures or diagrams which are drawn in suitable medium is called slide. (Glass
or Transparency)
•
Slide
can be enlarged by projecting it on a screen with a slide projector.
•
Slide
projector is an instrument equipped with a powerful light source and a carrier
for holding slides of suitable size.
•
Some
slide projectors uses drums in which many slides can be loaded in proper
sequence in advance.
•
It
is also possible to record the narration in a tape recorder that could be
hooked up to the projector in such a way as to give the necessary commentary
without the help of the teacher.
4.1 Episcope & Epidia
scope
•
Episcope
is used for the projection of opaque objects.
•
Pictures,
photographs, drawings or an opaque material within the size of the platform of
the episcope can be projected using Episcope.
•
Episcope
used to enlarge book diagrams and illustrate complex pictures.
•
During
Epi-projection the class room should be totally darkened in order to get a
clear and bright image.
•
Epidiascope
can project opaque as well as transparent objects.
5.1 OHP
•
This
is called Over Head Projector because it projects the image behind and over the
head of the teacher.
•
The
transparent visual is placed on a horizontal platform at the top of the light
source.
•
The
teacher can place the transparent plate on the platform and write or draw on it
anything that is to be visualized using suitable pen.
6.1 Television
•
TV
is very exciting and efficient means of mass communication.
•
Educational
Television programmes aims at education rather than entertainment.
•
One
teacher or specialist can render teaching session and pass information to
million of viewers all over the world.
7.1 LCD Projector
•
LCD
(Liquid Cristal Display) is the most advanced and sophisticated projected aid.
•
In
the area of educational technology, we can replace all other projected and non
projected aids with only a single LCD projector and computer system.
•
Can
present a topic by using computer made slide, graphs, pictures, video clips,
movies and special effect.
8.1 DLP Projector
(Digital Light processing Projector)
•
most
advanced and sophisticated projected aid.
•
Brighter
image
•
lightest
and smallest
2. Non-Projected Aids
2.1 . Graphic Aids
•
Graphic
Aids are visual aids such as graphs, diagrams, charts etc.
•
They
can be conveying the message by a combination of written and pictorial visuals
that could be made meaningful by suitable captions.
•
The
criteria for good graphics are that they should be simple, legible and brief.
2.1.1 Graphs
• Normally used to
represent the nature of the relation of two dependent variables.
• Different types of
graphs are
1.
Line
graph 2. Bar graph 3
Pie graph
2.1.2 Diagrams
• Used to explain many
factors at the same time, by using a variety of symbol and labels
• Diagrams can explain
facts more vividly than charts
2.1.3 Posters
• Posters are bold and
attractive representation of an idea or concept and usually given in color.
• Poster catches the
eye and conveys the desired message.
2.1.4 Maps
• A map is an accurate
representation of the boundaries and other details of continents, countries
etc. on a plane, in the form of a diagram drawn to scale.
• A variety of
geographical details like location of mountains and rivers, altitude of places,
important cities and other places etc. can be represented accurately with
reference to a convenient scale and following suitable color scheme.
1.
Different
types of maps that are used in classroom:
ii. Historical Maps
iii. Industrial Maps
iv. Political Maps
• A cartoon is a
metaphorical, humorous and exaggerated caricature of a person or situation in
the form of a picture or sketch.
2.1.6 Comics
• A comic strip is a
form of cartoon depicting a story in sequence.
• The events are
arranged in the proper order in a attractive pictorial form that is normally
appealing to lower age groups.
2.1.7 Flash cards
• Flash cards are an
aid used in language lesson, especially in the lower class.
• The card containing
the reading material is exhibited for a few seconds only. Then it is removed
and the feedback attempted.
2.1.8 Pictures and Photographs
• Pictures and
photographs play a significant role in making ideas clear and comprehensive.
2.1.9
charts
• A chart may be
defined as a combination of graphics and pictorial media designed for the
orderly and logical visualizing of relationship between key fact and ideas
• Different types of
charts are:
ii. Flow chart
iii. Tabular chart
iv. Tree chart
v. Time chart
• Display categorized
into tree main types according to the function to the functions they perform
o
Motivational Display: Display
that attracts and appeal pupils and stimulates their curiosity is called
motivational displays.
o
Developmental Displays: Displays
that ass information and ensure active involvement of pupils in the development
of lesson is called developmental displays.
o
Summery Display: Displays that are
used for review and consolidation of a lesson are called summary display.
• Most basic, widely
used tool for display
• Teaching cannot be
successful without proper use of a Black Board.
• Black Board planning
is a precious skill to be developed by a teacher.
2.2.2
Roll-Up-Board
• Roll-Up-Board is that
which can be conveniently rolled up.
• These are usually
made of thick rexin cloth.
• The charts and
pictures can be drawn on it advance and presents as and when required.
2.2.3
Peg Board
• To display flat and
three dimensional materials
• Use hooks and clips
to display materials.
2.2.4
Hook and Loop Board
• Intended to suspend
heavy 3-D objects as well as flat materials.
• Objects can be easily
fixed and removed.
2.2.5
Flannel Board
• Flannel cloth used to
make this board.
2.2.6
Magnetic Board
• A sheet of iron that
attracts a piece of magnet can be used for magnetic board.
2.2.7
Plastigraph Board
• Any smooth polished
surface like rigid plastic sheet amt serves as plastigraph board.
2.2.8
Bulletin Board
• Used to display
bulletin, News items, announcement etc.
2.2.9
Marker Board
• Large plastic board
suitable for writing or drawing with markers.
• This can be used the
same way as chalk boards.
• It can be sometimes
used as a projection screen also.
2.3.1 Models
•Models are concrete representations of objects.
• Size should be suitable
• There are two types of model
i. Working model ii. Static (still) model
• Working model is more
effective than static model
2.3.2 Objects• Objects may be defined as the real things from their natural settings.
• Eg. Rock, Coin, stamp etc.
2.3.3 Specimen
• A specimen may be defined as a typical objects or part of an object which has been removed for conviient observation.
• It may be a representative of a class or group of similar objects.
2.3.4 Mock-ups
• A mock-up is an operating model usually of a process, designed to be worked with directly by the learner for specific training or analysis.
• When direct first hand experience is either impractical or impossible, mock-up can be used.
• Mock-ups is an imitation of the real process. Eg. Mock Parliament
2.3.5 Diorama
• A diorama is a three dimensional scene in depth, incorporating a group of modeled objects and figures in a natural settings.
• A diorama scene is set up on a small stage with a group of modeled objects that are kept on the foreground and blended into a painted realistic background.
• For representation of depth, object kept at the background are made considerably smaller to create illusion.
2.3.6 Puppets
• Different types of puppets are used to make the learning object more realistic.
• Most commonly used puppets are hand puppets, glove puppets, finger puppets, rode puppets, string puppets, and shadow puppets etc.
2.4 Audio Aids
2.4.1 Radio
• It is powerful medium for mass communication.
• Programmes meat for teachers as well as pupils is available.
• Help the teacher to supplement classroom instruction.
2.4.2 Tape recorder
• A Tape recorder is used to record sound on magnetic tape which can be reproduces many times as possible.
2.4.3 Public Address System
• Public address system is very effective when the teacher handling large number of students at the same time.
• Public Address System can be used for supplement other Audio Aids.
3. Activity Aids
3.1 Field Trip and Excursions
• Excursions usually involve a tour by a person or a group of person to some selected lace.
• An excursion undertaken for gathering objective based learning experience is study tour.
• The tour made by a group is often known as Field Trip
• Provides direct experience leading to effective understanding.
3.2 Exhibition
• In exhibition variety of items exhibits related to teaching and learning.
• Exhibitions are effective modes of mass communication and instruction.
• Special talents of the pupil get revealed and creativity can be fostered.
• Helps to communicate novel ideas to children, their parents and the general public.
3.3 Demonstration
• It is a technique which is often used by all teachers.
• Ideas, skills, attitudes and process can be demonstrated.
• Demonstration should be purposeful, simple, specific and effective.
• Demonstration should be planned and rehearsed well in advance.
• If demonstration designed by the co-operative activity of pupil and teaches, it will be more effective.
3.4 Dramatization
• Dramatization gives a reality and concreteness to learning experience.
• Gives opportunity for self expression
• Very useful for the subject like social science and languages.
• Since emotional content is strong, it help in the development of interest, attitude and values.
3.5 Museum
• Museum is powerful medium for public education.
• Museums are repositories with an array of educational materials including rare specimens a variety of objects arranged in a logical order.
3.6 Planetarium
• A planetarium consist of essentially of a dome usually mounted on the ceiling of a hall to represents the sky.
• A special projector is used to display images of the celestial bodies on the dome.
• The viewers who are seated below can see the projected images that can be appear to be realistic.
• The projector consists of various individual units for projecting the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars.
• Taped narration and sound effects adds to the effectiveness of the presentation.
3.7 Aquarium
• Aquarium consists of glass tanks filled with water in which aquatic creatures are kept in naturally.
• Pupils can observe the natural behavior of the creatures.
• If a school aquarium is constructed and maintained by the pupils they get very valuable learning experience related to various aspects of life science.
3.8 Terrarium
• Terrarium is an arrangement for presenting the creatures living on the surface and below the surface of the earth for study purpose.
• It is an enclosure, usually a tank. Used for rearing plants or animals under natural conditions.
3.9 Vivarium
• It is live corner arranged in school or at home where creatures living in the air are grown and reared.
• It provides opportunity for an unlimited amount of spontaneous, undirected observation and enjoyment.
3.10 Programmed Learning
• Programmed Learning is a carefully specified, systematically planned, empirically established, skillfully arranged and effectively controlled self instructional technique for providing individualized instruction or learning experience to the learner.
• Programmed learning is available in the form of Books, Cards, Machine etc.
3.11 Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
• A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.
• “It is the use of computer to assist in the presentation of instructional material to a student to monitor learning process or to select additional instructional material in accordance with the needs of individual learners”
• Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.
• CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process.
3.12 Teaching Machines
• Developed by S.L. Pressy
• It’s a piece of device designed to be operated by an individual student for self learning.
• The student is presented with a question by some form of display on the machine.
• The student is required to respond. Either to write answer or put a button to indicate the correct response
• The student will inform the correctness of the answer.
• An account is kept of the responses made by the student.
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